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I have important business to take care of

  • 1 care

    care [keə(r)]
    s'intéresser à ⇒ 1 (a) aimer ⇒ 1 (b) vouloir ⇒ 1 (c) souci ⇒ 2 (a) soin ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (c) charge ⇒ 2 (d)
    ∎ to care about sth s'intéresser à ou se soucier de qch;
    ∎ all you care about is your work! il n'y a que ton travail qui t'intéresse!;
    ∎ they really do care about the project le projet est vraiment important pour eux;
    ∎ a book for all those who care about the environment un livre pour tous ceux qui s'intéressent à l'environnement ou qui se sentent concernés par les problèmes d'environnement;
    ∎ she didn't seem to care at all elle avait l'air de s'en moquer complètement;
    ∎ I don't care what people think je me moque de ce que pensent les gens;
    ∎ when do you want to tell them? - I don't care quand veux-tu leur dire? - ça m'est égal;
    ∎ familiar as if I cared!, I couldn't care less! je m'en fiche éperdument, je m'en fous;
    ∎ familiar I couldn't or American could care less if he comes or not ça m'est complètement égal□ qu'il vienne ou non;
    ∎ what do I care? qu'est-ce que ça peut me faire?;
    ∎ we could be dead for all he cares il se moque totalement de ce qui peut nous arriver;
    ∎ familiar they don't care a damn ils s'en fichent éperdument ou comme de leur première chemise;
    ∎ who cares? qu'est-ce que ça peut bien faire?
    ∎ to care about or for sb aimer qn;
    ∎ do you still care about or for her? est-ce que tu l'aimes toujours?;
    ∎ she cares a lot about her family elle est très attachée ou elle tient beaucoup à sa famille
    ∎ would you care to join us? voulez-vous vous joindre à nous?;
    ∎ would you care to have a cup of coffee? prendriez-vous ou aimeriez-vous une tasse de café?;
    ∎ I was more nervous than I cared to admit j'étais plus intimidé qu'il n'y paraissait;
    ∎ the house is available whenever you care to use it la maison est disponible quand vous voulez ou à n'importe quel moment;
    ∎ I wouldn't care to go back there cela ne me dit rien d'y retourner
    2 noun
    (a) (worry) souci m;
    ∎ to be full of cares avoir beaucoup de soucis;
    ∎ you look as though you haven't a care in the world on dirait que tu n'as pas le moindre souci;
    ∎ British weighed down by care accablé de soucis;
    ∎ cares of State responsabilités fpl d'État
    (b) (UNCOUNT) (treatment → of person) soin(s) m(pl), traitement m; (looking after → of teeth, hair etc) soin(s) m(pl); (→ of machine, material) entretien m;
    ∎ nursing care soins mpl à domicile;
    ∎ you should take care of that cough vous devriez (faire) soigner cette toux;
    ∎ he doesn't take care of his bicycle il ne prend pas soin de son vélo;
    ∎ she needs special care elle a besoin de soins spécialisés
    (c) (UNCOUNT) (attention) attention f, soin m;
    ∎ they worked with great care ils ont travaillé avec le plus grand soin;
    ∎ take care not to offend her faites attention à ou prenez soin de ne pas la vexer;
    ∎ take care not to spill the paint prenez garde de ou faites attention à ne pas renverser la peinture;
    ∎ drive with care conduisez prudemment;
    ∎ he was charged with driving without due care and attention il a été accusé de conduite négligente;
    ∎ British old-fashioned have a care! prenez garde!, faites attention!
    (d) (protection, supervision) charge f, garde f;
    ∎ I'm leaving the matter in your care je vous confie l'affaire, je confie l'affaire à vos soins;
    ∎ the children are in the care of a nanny on a laissé ou confié les enfants à une nurse ou à la garde d'une nurse;
    ∎ he is under the care of a heart specialist c'est un cardiologue qui le traite ou qui le soigne;
    ∎ to take care of (invalid, child, customer, problem etc) s'occuper de;
    ∎ to take care of one's health ménager sa santé;
    ∎ who will take care of your cat? qui va s'occuper ou prendre soin de ton chat?;
    ∎ I'll take care of the reservations je me charge des réservations ou de faire les réservations, je vais m'occuper des réservations;
    ∎ I have important business to take care of j'ai une affaire importante à expédier;
    ∎ take care! salut!;
    ∎ take (good) care of yourself fais bien attention à toi;
    ∎ I can take care of myself je peux ou je sais me débrouiller (tout seul);
    ∎ the problem will take care of itself le problème va s'arranger tout seul;
    ∎ address the letter to me (in) care of Mrs Barry adressez-moi la lettre chez Mme Barry
    ∎ the baby was put in care or taken into care on a retiré aux parents la garde de leur bébé;
    ∎ children in care enfants mpl confiés aux services sociaux
    ►► British Administration care assistant aide-soignant(e) m,f;
    British Administration care attendant infirmier(ère) m,f à domicile;
    American care giver (professional) aide mf à domicile; (relative) = personne s'occupant d'un parent malade ou âgé;
    British Administration care in the community = système de soins prodigués aux malades mentaux en dehors du milieu hospitalier;
    care label (on garment) conseils mpl d'entretien;
    British Administration care worker travailleur(euse) m,f social(e)
    (a) (look after → child) s'occuper de; (→ invalid) soigner;
    ∎ I'm glad to see you're being well cared for (child) je suis contente de voir qu'on s'occupe bien de toi; (invalid) je suis contente de voir qu'on te soigne bien;
    ∎ to look well cared for (animal, child, hair etc) avoir l'air soigné ou une apparence soignée; (car, garden etc) avoir l'air bien entretenu
    (b) (like) aimer;
    ∎ he still cares for her (loves) il l'aime toujours; (has affection for) il est toujours attaché à elle, il tient toujours à elle;
    ∎ I don't care for him il me déplaît, il ne me plaît pas;
    ∎ I didn't care for his last book son dernier livre ne m'a pas plu, je n'ai pas aimé son dernier livre;
    ∎ she didn't care for the way he spoke la façon dont il a parlé lui a déplu;
    ∎ formal would you care for a cup of coffee? aimeriez-vous ou voudriez-vous une tasse de café?

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > care

  • 2 mind

    1. noun

    bear or keep something in mind — an etwas (Akk.) denken; etwas nicht vergessen

    have in mind to do something — vorhaben, etwas zu tun

    bring something to mind — etwas in Erinnerung rufen

    it went out of my mind — ich habe es vergessen; es ist mir entfallen

    put something/somebody out of one's mind — etwas/jemanden aus seinem Gedächtnis streichen

    2) (opinion)

    in or to my mind — meiner Meinung od. Ansicht nach

    be of one or of the same mind, be in one mind — einer Meinung sein

    be in two minds about something — [sich (Dat.)] unschlüssig über etwas (Akk.) sein

    change one's mind — seine Meinung ändern

    I have a good mind/half a mind to do that — ich hätte große Lust/nicht übel Lust, das zu tun

    make up one's mind, make one's mind up — sich entscheiden

    make up one's mind to do something — sich entschließen, etwas zu tun

    3) (direction of thoughts)

    his mind is on other things — er ist mit den Gedanken woanders

    give or put or turn one's mind to — sich konzentrieren auf (+ Akk.) [Arbeit, Aufgabe, Angelegenheit]

    I have had somebody/something on my mind — jemand/etwas hat mich beschäftigt; (worried) ich habe mir Sorgen wegen jemandem/etwas gemacht

    something preys or weighs on somebody's mind — etwas macht jemandem zu schaffen

    close one's mind to something — sich einer Sache (Dat.) verschließen (geh.)

    4) (way of thinking and feeling) Denkweise, die

    frame of mind — [seelische] Verfassung

    state of mind — [Geistes]zustand, der

    be in a frame of mind to do something — in der Verfassung sein, etwas zu tun

    5) (seat of consciousness, thought, volition) Geist, der

    in one's mind — im stillen

    in my mind's eye — vor meinem geistigen Auge; im Geiste

    nothing could be further from my mind than... — nichts läge mir ferner, als...

    6) (intellectual powers) Verstand, der; Intellekt, der

    have a very good mind — einen klaren od. scharfen Verstand haben

    great minds think alike — (joc.) große Geister denken [eben] gleich

    7) (normal mental faculties) Verstand, der

    lose or go out of one's mind — den Verstand verlieren

    2. transitive verb
    1) (heed)

    don't mind what he says — gib nichts auf sein Gerede

    let's do it, and never mind the expense — machen wir es doch, egal, was es kostet

    2) (concern oneself about)

    he minds a lot what people think of him — es ist für ihn sehr wichtig, was die Leute von ihm denken

    I can't afford a bicycle, never mind a car — ich kann mir kein Fahrrad leisten, geschweige denn ein Auto

    never mind him/that — (don't be anxious) er/das kann dir doch egal sein (ugs.)

    never mind how/where... — es tut nichts zur Sache, wie/wo...

    don't mind me — nimm keine Rücksicht auf mich; (don't let my presence disturb you) lass dich [durch mich] nicht stören; (iron.) nimm bloß keine Rücksicht auf mich

    mind the doors! — Vorsicht an den Türen!

    3) usu. neg. or interrog. (object to)

    did he mind being woken up? — hat es ihm was ausgemacht, aufgeweckt zu werden?

    would you mind opening the door? — würdest du bitte die Tür öffnen?

    do you mind my smoking? — stört es Sie od. haben Sie etwas dagegen, wenn ich rauche?

    4) (remember and take care)

    mind you don't leave anything behind — denk daran, nichts liegen lassen!

    mind how you go! — pass auf! sei vorsichtig!; (as general farewell) mach's gut! (ugs.)

    mind you get this work done — sieh zu, dass du mit dieser Arbeit fertig wirst!

    5) (have charge of) aufpassen auf (+ Akk.)

    mind the shop or (Amer.) the store — (fig.) sich um den Laden kümmern (ugs.)

    3. intransitive verb
    1)

    mind! — Vorsicht!; Achtung!

    2) usu. in imper. (take note)

    follow the signposts, mind, or... — denk daran und halte dich an die Wegweiser, sonst...

    I didn't know that, mind, or... — das habe ich allerdings nicht gewusst, sonst...

    3) (care, object)

    do you mind? — (may I?) hätten Sie etwas dagegen?; (please do not) ich muss doch sehr bitten

    he doesn't mind about your using the car — er hat nichts dagegen, wenn Sie den Wagen benutzen

    4) (give heed)

    never [you] mind — (it's not important) macht nichts; ist nicht schlimm; (it's none of your business) sei nicht so neugierig

    never mind: I can do it — schon gut - das kann ich machen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/89159/mind_out">mind out
    * * *
    1.
    (the power by which one thinks etc; the intelligence or understanding: The child already has the mind of an adult.) der Verstand
    2. verb
    1) (to look after or supervise (eg a child): mind the baby.) aufpassen
    2) (to be upset by; to object to: You must try not to mind when he criticizes your work.) sich etwas machen aus
    3) (to be careful of: Mind (= be careful not to trip over) the step!) sich in Acht nehmen
    4) (to pay attention to or obey: You should mind your parents' words/advice.) beachten
    3. interjection
    (be careful!: Mind! There's a car coming!) Achtung!
    - -minded
    - mindful
    - mindless
    - mindlessly
    - mindlessness
    - mindreader
    - at/in the back of one's mind
    - change one's mind
    - be out of one's mind
    - do you mind! - have a good mind to
    - have half a mind to
    - have a mind to
    - in one's mind's eye
    - in one's right mind
    - keep one's mind on
    - know one's own mind
    - make up one's mind
    - mind one's own business
    - never mind
    - on one's mind
    - put someone in mind of
    - put in mind of
    - speak one's mind
    - take/keep one's mind off
    - to my mind
    * * *
    [maɪnd]
    I. n
    1. (brain, intellect) Geist m, Verstand m
    she's one of the greatest \minds of today sie ist einer der größten Köpfe unserer Zeit
    it's a question of \mind over matter das ist eine reine Willensfrage
    he's got the \mind of a four-year-old! er hat den Verstand eines Vierjährigen!
    it was a triumph of \mind over matter hier war der Wille stärker
    in one's \mind eyes vor seinem geistigen Auge
    frame of \mind seelische Verfassung
    a fine \mind ein großer Geist
    to have a good \mind einen klaren Verstand haben
    to have a logical \mind logisch denken können
    to the Victorian \mind nach der viktorianischen Denkweise
    to use one's \mind seinen Verstand gebrauchen
    2. (sanity) Verstand m
    to be in one's right \mind noch ganz richtig im Kopf sein
    to be out of one's \mind den Verstand verloren haben
    to drive sb out of his/her \mind jdn wahnsinnig machen
    to lose [or go out of] one's \mind den Verstand verlieren
    3. (thoughts) Gedanken pl
    the idea never entered my \mind auf diesen Gedanken wäre ich gar nicht gekommen
    it went out of my \mind ich hab's vergessen
    you put that out of your \mind! das kannst du dir aus dem Kopf schlagen!
    I can't get that song out of my \mind das Lied will mir einfach nicht mehr aus dem Kopf gehen!
    sorry, my \mind is on other things tut mir leid, ich bin mit den Gedanken ganz woanders
    to be on one's \mind einen beschäftigen
    you're always on my \mind ich denke die ganze Zeit an dich
    what's on your \mind? woran denkst du?
    what's on your \mind! woran du nur wieder denkst!
    to be in the back of sb's \mind in jds Hinterkopf sein
    to bear [or keep] sth in \mind etw nicht vergessen
    bearing in \mind that... angesichts der Tatsache, dass...
    to bring [or call] sth to \mind (remember) sich akk etw in Erinnerung rufen; (remind) an etw akk erinnern
    to come [or spring] to sb's \mind jdm einfallen
    to have sb/sth in \mind an jdn/etw denken
    did you have anything special in \mind? dachten Sie an etwas Bestimmtes?
    to have a lot of things on one's \mind viele Sorgen haben
    to keep one's \mind on sth one's work sich akk auf etw akk konzentrieren
    sth puts sb in \mind of sth esp BRIT etw erinnert jdn an etw akk
    to put sb out of one's \mind jdn aus seinem Gedächtnis streichen
    to read sb's \mind jds Gedanken lesen
    to set one's \mind to do sth sich akk auf etw akk konzentrieren
    to take sb's \mind off sth jdn auf andere Gedanken bringen [o von etw dat ablenken
    nothing could be further from my \mind than... nichts läge mir ferner als...
    to have in \mind to do sth vorhaben, etw zu tun
    to know one's [own] \mind wissen, was man will
    to make up one's \mind sich akk entscheiden
    my \mind is made up! ich habe einen Entschluss gefasst!
    to set one's \mind on sth sich dat etw in den Kopf setzen
    5. usu sing (opinion) Meinung f, Ansicht f
    to my \mind... meiner Meinung nach...
    to give sb a piece of one's \mind jdm seine Meinung sagen
    to be of the same \mind der gleichen Meinung [o derselben Ansicht] sein
    I'm of the same \mind as you ich bin deiner Meinung
    to be in [or of] two \minds about sth sich dat über etw akk nicht im Klaren sein
    to change one's \mind es sich dat anders überlegen
    to have a \mind of one's own seinen eigenen Kopf haben
    to have half a [good] \mind to... gute Lust haben,...
    to be of a \mind to do sth ( form) geneigt sein, etw zu tun
    7.
    ▶ to be bored out of one's \mind sich akk zu Tode langweilen
    ▶ great \minds think alike ah, ich sehe, wir verstehen uns!
    II. vt
    ▪ to \mind sth auf etw akk aufpassen
    \mind your head [or that you don't bang your head] pass auf, dass du dir nicht den Kopf stößt
    \mind your head Vorsicht mit dem Kopf!
    here, \mind, he said when she trod on his foot passen Sie doch auf, sagte er, als sie ihm auf den Fuß trat
    \mind the step! Vorsicht Stufe!
    \mind how you go pass doch auf!; (as farewell) pass auf dich auf!
    \mind your language! ( dated) pass auf, was du sagst!
    2. (care about)
    ▪ to \mind sb sich akk um jdn kümmern
    don't \mind me kümmer dich nicht um mich
    don't \mind what she says kümmer dich nicht darum, was sie sagt
    and never \mind the expense und vergiss jetzt einfach mal die Kosten
    never \mind them — what about me? was kümmern mich die — was ist mit mir?
    never \mind her! vergiss sie doch einfach!
    never \mind how you got there... ist doch egal, wie du da hinkamst,...
    \mind your own business! kümmer dich um deine eigenen Angelegenheiten!
    I don't \mind the heat die Hitze macht mir nichts aus!
    I don't \mind what she does es ist mir egal, was sie macht!
    ▪ to \mind that... denk daran, dass...
    \mind you close the door when you leave vergiss nicht, die Tür zuzumachen, wenn du gehst
    \mind you get this done before she gets home sieh zu, dass du damit fertig wirst, bevor sie nach Hause kommt
    4. (look after)
    ▪ to \mind sb/sth auf jdn/etw aufpassen; ( fig)
    I'm \minding the shop ich kümmere mich hier um den Laden
    5. ( fam: object)
    ▪ to not \mind sth nichts gegen etw akk [einzuwenden] haben
    would you \mind holding this for me? würden Sie das [kurz] für mich halten?
    do you \mind my asking you a question? darf ich Ihnen eine Frage stellen?
    do you \mind calling me a taxi? würde es dir was ausmachen, mir ein Taxi zu rufen?
    do you \mind my smoking? stört es Sie, wenn ich rauche?
    I don't \mind her ich habe nichts gegen sie
    I wouldn't \mind a new car/a cup of tea gegen ein neues Auto/eine Tasse Tee hätte ich nichts einzuwenden!
    6.
    ▶ to \mind one's p's and q's sich akk gut benehmen
    ▶ \mind you allerdings
    \mind you, I'd love to have a cup of tea! also, gegen eine Tasse Tee hätte ich jetzt nichts einzuwenden!
    \mind you, she did try immerhin hat sie es versucht!
    III. vi
    1. (care) sich dat etwas daraus machen
    I don't \mind das ist mir egal
    sometime I wish he \minded a little more manchmal wünsche ich mir, dass es ihm ein bisschen mehr ausmachen würde
    never \mind! [ist doch] egal!
    never \mind, I'll do it myself! vergiss es, ich mach's selbst!
    never \mind, one day... mach dir nichts draus — eines Tages...
    never \mind about that mistake vergiss den Fehler einfach!
    never \mind about that now vergiss das jetzt mal
    never \mind about her — what about you? jetzt vergiss sie doch mal — was ist mit dir?
    never you \mind! jetzt kümmer dich mal nicht drum!
    2. (object) etwas dagegen haben
    do you \mind if I...? stört es Sie, wenn ich...?
    do you \mind! (don't!) ich muss doch sehr bitten!; (may I?) darf ich?
    nobody will \mind das wird niemanden stören
    if you don't \mind... wenn du nichts dagegen hast,...
    if you don't \mind me saying so,... ich hoffe, es macht dir nichts aus, dass ich dir das jetzt sage, aber...
    I don't \mind if I do ich hätte nichts dagegen
    3.
    ▶ never \mind... geschweige denn...
    * * *
    [maɪnd]
    1. NOUN
    1) = intellect Geist m (ALSO PHILOS), Verstand m

    to have a good mind —

    it's all in the mind —

    in one's mind's eye — vor seinem geistigen Auge, im Geiste

    to blow sb's mind (inf) — jdn umwerfen (inf); (drugs) jdn high machen (inf) → boggle, great, improve

    a triumph of mind over matter — ein Triumph des Geistes or Willens über den Körper

    2) = way of thinking Denkweise f; (= type of mind) Geist m, Kopf m

    to the child's/Victorian mind — in der Denkweise des Kindes/der viktorianischen Zeit

    to have a literary/logical etc mind — literarisch/logisch etc veranlagt sein

    state or frame of mind — (seelische) Verfassung, (Geistes)zustand m

    3) = thoughts Gedanken pl

    to be clear in one's mind about sth — sich (dat) über etw im Klaren sein

    she couldn't get or put the song/him out of her mind —

    his mind is set on that — er hat sich (dat) das in den Kopf gesetzt

    4) = memory Gedächtnis nt

    to bring or call sth to mind — etw in Erinnerung rufen, an etw (acc) erinnern

    5) = inclination Lust f; (= intention) Sinn m, Absicht f

    I've half a mind/a good mind to... —

    to be of a mind to do sth — geneigt sein, etw zu tun (geh)

    6) = opinion Meinung f, Ansicht f

    to change one's mind — seine Meinung ändern (about über +acc ), es sich (dat) anders überlegen

    to be in two minds about sth — sich (dat) über etw (acc) nicht im Klaren sein

    I'm of the same mind as you — ich denke wie du, ich bin deiner Meinung

    with one mind —

    7) = sanity Verstand m, Sinne pl

    to lose one's mind — verrückt werden, den Verstand verlieren

    nobody in his right mind —

    8)

    set structures __diams; in mind to bear or keep sth in mind — etw nicht vergessen; facts also, application etw im Auge behalten

    to bear or keep sb in mind — an jdn denken; applicant also jdn im Auge behalten

    with this in mind... — mit diesem Gedanken im Hinterkopf...

    to have sb/sth in mind — an jdn/etw denken

    to have in mind to do sth — vorhaben or im Sinn haben, etw zu tun

    to have it in mind to do sth — beabsichtigen or sich (dat) vorgenommen haben, etw zu tun

    it puts me in mind of sb/sth — es weckt in mir Erinnerungen an jdn/etw

    to go out of one's mind — verrückt werden, den Verstand verlieren

    to go out of one's mind with worry/grief — vor Sorge/Trauer den Verstand verlieren

    to drive sb out of his mind — jdn um den Verstand bringen, jdn wahnsinnig machen

    2. TRANSITIVE VERB
    1) = look after aufpassen auf (+acc); sb's chair, seat frei halten
    2) = be careful of aufpassen auf (+acc); (= pay attention to) achten auf (+acc); (= act in accordance with) beachten

    mind what you're doing! —

    mind what you're doing with that car mind what I say! (= do as I tell you) — pass mit dem Auto auf lass dir das gesagt sein hör auf das, was ich dir sage

    mind how you go — passen Sie auf, wo Sie hintreten

    mind your head! (Brit) — Kopf einziehen (inf), Vorsicht, niedrige Tür/Decke etc

    mind your feet! (Brit) (when sitting) — zieh die Füße ein!; (when moving) pass auf, wo du hintrittst!

    3) = care about sich kümmern um; (= object to) etwas haben gegen

    she minds/doesn't mind it — es macht ihr etwas/nichts aus

    I don't mind what he does —

    I don't mind four but six is too many — ich habe nichts gegen vier, aber sechs sind zu viel

    would you mind opening the door? — wären Sie so freundlich, die Tür aufzumachen?

    do you mind my smoking? —

    I don't mind telling you, I was shocked — ich war schockiert, das kannst du mir glauben

    I hope you don't mind my asking you/sitting here — ich hoffe, Sie haben nichts dagegen, wenn ich Sie frage/dass ich hier sitze

    don't mind me — lass dich (durch mich) nicht stören; (iro) nimm auf mich keine Rücksicht

    never mind the expense — (es ist) egal, was es kostet

    never mind that now — das ist jetzt nicht wichtig, lass das doch jetzt

    never mind your back, I'm worried about... — dein Rücken ist mir doch egal, ich mache mir Sorgen um...

    3. INTRANSITIVE VERB
    1) = care, worry sich kümmern, sich (dat) etwas daraus machen; (= object) etwas dagegen haben

    he doesn't seem to mind about anything —

    I wish he minded a little — ich wünschte, es würde ihm etwas ausmachen or ihn ein bisschen kümmern

    nobody seemed to mind — es schien keinem etwas auszumachen, niemand schien etwas dagegen zu haben

    I'd prefer to stand, if you don't mind — ich würde lieber stehen, wenn es Ihnen recht ist

    do you mind if I open or would you mind if I opened the window? — macht es Ihnen etwas aus, wenn ich das Fenster öffne?

    I don't mind if I do — ich hätte nichts dagegen __diams; never mind macht nichts, ist doch egal; (in exasperation) ist ja auch egal, schon gut

    never mind, you'll find another — mach dir nichts draus, du findest bestimmt einen anderen

    oh, never mind, I'll do it myself — ach, lass (es) or schon gut, ich mache es selbst

    never mind about that now! —

    never mind about what you said to him, what did he say to you? — es ist doch egal or unwichtig, was du zu ihm gesagt hast, was hat er zu dir gesagt?

    I'm not going to finish school, never mind go to university — ich werde die Schule nicht beenden und schon gar nicht zur Universität gehen __diams; never you mind! kümmere du dich mal nicht darum

    2) = be sure aufpassen

    mind and see if... — sieh zu, ob...

    mind you get that done — sieh zu, dass du das fertig bekommst

    I'm not saying I'll do it, mind — ich will damit aber nicht sagen, dass ich es tue

    he's not a bad lad, mind, just... — er ist eigentlich kein schlechter Junge, nur...

    he didn't do it, mind — er hat es (ja) nicht getan __diams; mind you

    mind you, I'd rather not go — ich würde eigentlich or allerdings lieber nicht gehen

    it was raining at the time, mind you — allerdings hat es da geregnet

    mind you, he did try/ask — er hat es immerhin versucht/hat immerhin gefragt

    he's quite good, mind you — er ist eigentlich ganz gut

    4. PHRASAL VERB
    * * *
    mind [maınd]
    A s
    1. Sinn m, Gemüt n, Herz n:
    his mind was on her all time er musste die ganze Zeit an sie denken;
    go through sb’s mind jemandem durch den Kopf gehen;
    have sth on one’s mind etwas auf dem Herzen haben;
    that might take his mind off his worries das lenkt ihn vielleicht von seinen Sorgen ab;
    his mind was not fully on the job er war nicht ganz bei der Sache; → weight A 7
    2. Seele f, Verstand m, Geist m:
    before one’s mind’s eye vor seinem geistigen Auge;
    see sth in one’s mind’s eye etwas im Geiste vor sich sehen;
    be of sound mind, be in one’s right mind bei (vollem) Verstand sein;
    anybody in their right mind jeder halbwegs Normale;
    it is all in the mind das ist rein seelisch bedingt oder reine Einbildung (Krankheit etc);
    of sound mind and memory JUR im Vollbesitz seiner geistigen Kräfte;
    of unsound mind geistesgestört, unzurechnungsfähig;
    be out of one’s mind nicht (recht) bei Sinnen sein, verrückt sein;
    drive ( oder send) sb out of their mind jemanden verrückt machen;
    lose one’s mind den Verstand verlieren;
    close ( oder shut) one’s mind to sth sich gegen etwas verschließen;
    have an open mind unvoreingenommen sein;
    keep an open mind sich noch nicht festlegen;
    cast back one’s mind sich zurückversetzen (to nach, in akk);
    enter sb’s mind jemandem in den Sinn kommen;
    give ( oder put, set) one’s mind to sth sich mit einer Sache befassen, sich einer Sache widmen;
    pay no mind to nicht achten auf (akk);
    put sth out of one’s mind sich etwas aus dem Kopf schlagen;
    read sb’s mind jemandes Gedanken lesen;
    set one’s mind on sth sich etwas in den Kopf setzen;
    set one’s mind on doing sth es sich in den Kopf setzen, etwas zu tun;
    it has slipped (from) my mind es ist mir entfallen; → blow1 C 7, presence 1
    3. Geist m ( auch PHIL):
    things of the mind geistige Dinge;
    his is a fine mind er hat einen feinen Verstand, er ist ein kluger Kopf;
    one of the greatest minds of his time fig einer der größten Geister seiner Zeit;
    the best minds in the country die klügsten Köpfe im Lande;
    (the triumph of) mind over matter der Sieg des Geistes über die Materie; → history 1
    4. Meinung f, Ansicht f:
    in ( oder to) my mind
    a) meiner Ansicht nach, meines Erachtens,
    b) nach meinem Sinn oder Geschmack;
    be of sb’s mind jemandes Meinung sein;
    change one’s mind sich anders besinnen, es sich anders überlegen;
    change one’s mind about seine Meinung ändern über (akk);
    speak one’s mind (freely) seine Meinung frei äußern;
    give sb a piece ( oder bit) of one’s mind jemandem gründlich die Meinung sagen;
    know one’s (own) mind wissen, was man will;
    be in (US of) two minds about mit sich selbst nicht einig sein über (akk);
    there can be no two minds about it darüber kann es keine geteilte Meinung geben;
    be of one mind einer Meinung sein (about, on über akk);
    many men, many minds (Sprichwort) viele Köpfe, viele Sinne
    5. Neigung f, Lust f, Absicht f:
    have a good (half a) mind to do sth gute (nicht übel) Lust haben, etwas zu tun;
    have sth in mind etwas im Sinn haben;
    this is exactly what I had in mind das ist genau das, was mir vorschwebte oder was ich mir vorstellte;
    I have you in mind ich denke (dabei) an dich;
    have it in mind to do sth beabsichtigen, etwas zu tun;
    make up one’s mind
    a) sich entschließen, einen Entschluss fassen,
    b) zu dem Schluss oder zu der Überzeugung kommen ( that dass), sich klar werden ( about über akk);
    have you made up your mind yet? (im Restaurant) haben Sie schon gewählt?;
    I can’t make up your mind! du musst deine Entscheidung(en) schon selbst treffen!
    6. Erinnerung f, Gedächtnis n:
    bear ( oder keep) sth in mind (immer) an eine Sache denken, etwas nicht vergessen, etwas bedenken, etwas im Auge halten;
    a) etwas ins Gedächtnis zurückrufen, an eine Sache erinnern,
    b) sich etwas ins Gedächtnis zurückrufen, sich an eine Sache erinnern;
    I can’t get it out of my mind ich muss ständig daran denken, es beschäftigt mich ständig;
    it went ( right, umg clean) out of his mind er hat es (ganz oder total) vergessen;
    put sb in mind of sth jemanden an etwas erinnern;
    nothing comes to mind nichts fällt einem (dabei) ein;
    from time out of mind seit undenklichen Zeiten; → erase 3, wipe out 2
    B v/t
    1. beachten, achtgeben oder achten auf (akk):
    mind you write umg denk daran oder vergiss nicht zu schreiben
    2. achtgeben auf (akk), sich hüten vor (dat):
    mind your head! stoß dir den Kopf nicht an!; → step A 1, A 7, A 9
    3. sorgen für, sehen nach:
    mind the fire nach dem Feuer sehen;
    mind the children sich um die Kinder kümmern, die Kinder hüten oder beaufsichtigen;
    mind your own business kümmere dich um deine eigenen Dinge!;
    never mind him kümmere dich nicht um ihn!;
    never you mind what … umg es geht dich gar nichts an, was …;
    don’t mind me lassen Sie sich durch mich nicht stören!
    4. etwas haben gegen, etwas nicht gern sehen oder mögen, sich stoßen an (dat):
    do you mind my smoking? haben Sie etwas dagegen oder stört es Sie, wenn ich rauche?;
    would you mind coming? würden Sie so freundlich sein zu kommen?;
    she was, she didn’t mind admitting, very lonely sie war, wie sie unumwunden oder freimütig zugab, sehr einsam;
    I don’t mind it ich habe nichts dagegen, meinetwegen, von mir aus (gern);
    I would not mind a cup of coffee ich hätte nichts gegen eine Tasse Kaffee
    5. schott sich erinnern an (akk)
    C v/i
    1. aufpassen:
    a) wohlgemerkt,
    b) allerdings;
    he’s very nice, mind you, but … er ist eigentlich sehr nett, aber …;
    never mind lass es gut sein!, es hat nichts zu sagen!, macht nichts!, schon gut! ( → C 2)
    2. etwas dagegen haben:
    I don’t mind ich habe nichts dagegen, meinetwegen, von mir aus (gern);
    I don’t mind if he goes meinetwegen kann er gehen;
    do you mind if I smoke? haben Sie etwas dagegen oder stört es Sie, wenn ich rauche?;
    I don’t mind if I do umg
    a) ja, ganz gern oder ich möchte schon,
    b) ich bin so frei;
    nobody seemed to mind es schien niemandem etwas auszumachen;
    do you mind!
    a) ich muss doch sehr bitten!,
    b) passen Sie doch auf!;
    do you mind!, can’t you see I’m busy? sehen Sie (denn) nicht, dass ich beschäftigt bin?;
    he minds a great deal es macht ihm sehr viel aus, es stört ihn sehr;
    never mind mach dir nichts draus! ( → C 1)
    3. mind out Br aufpassen ( for auf akk)
    * * *
    1. noun

    bear or keep something in mind — an etwas (Akk.) denken; etwas nicht vergessen

    have in mind to do something — vorhaben, etwas zu tun

    it went out of my mind — ich habe es vergessen; es ist mir entfallen

    put something/somebody out of one's mind — etwas/jemanden aus seinem Gedächtnis streichen

    in or to my mind — meiner Meinung od. Ansicht nach

    be of one or of the same mind, be in one mind — einer Meinung sein

    be in two minds about something — [sich (Dat.)] unschlüssig über etwas (Akk.) sein

    I have a good mind/half a mind to do that — ich hätte große Lust/nicht übel Lust, das zu tun

    make up one's mind, make one's mind up — sich entscheiden

    make up one's mind to do something — sich entschließen, etwas zu tun

    give or put or turn one's mind to — sich konzentrieren auf (+ Akk.) [Arbeit, Aufgabe, Angelegenheit]

    I have had somebody/something on my mind — jemand/etwas hat mich beschäftigt; (worried) ich habe mir Sorgen wegen jemandem/etwas gemacht

    something preys or weighs on somebody's mind — etwas macht jemandem zu schaffen

    close one's mind to something — sich einer Sache (Dat.) verschließen (geh.)

    frame of mind — [seelische] Verfassung

    state of mind — [Geistes]zustand, der

    be in a frame of mind to do something — in der Verfassung sein, etwas zu tun

    5) (seat of consciousness, thought, volition) Geist, der

    in my mind's eye — vor meinem geistigen Auge; im Geiste

    nothing could be further from my mind than... — nichts läge mir ferner, als...

    6) (intellectual powers) Verstand, der; Intellekt, der

    have a very good mind — einen klaren od. scharfen Verstand haben

    great minds think alike — (joc.) große Geister denken [eben] gleich

    7) (normal mental faculties) Verstand, der

    lose or go out of one's mind — den Verstand verlieren

    2. transitive verb

    let's do it, and never mind the expense — machen wir es doch, egal, was es kostet

    he minds a lot what people think of him — es ist für ihn sehr wichtig, was die Leute von ihm denken

    I can't afford a bicycle, never mind a car — ich kann mir kein Fahrrad leisten, geschweige denn ein Auto

    never mind him/that — (don't be anxious) er/das kann dir doch egal sein (ugs.)

    never mind how/where... — es tut nichts zur Sache, wie/wo...

    don't mind me — nimm keine Rücksicht auf mich; (don't let my presence disturb you) lass dich [durch mich] nicht stören; (iron.) nimm bloß keine Rücksicht auf mich

    3) usu. neg. or interrog. (object to)

    did he mind being woken up? — hat es ihm was ausgemacht, aufgeweckt zu werden?

    do you mind my smoking? — stört es Sie od. haben Sie etwas dagegen, wenn ich rauche?

    mind you don't leave anything behind — denk daran, nichts liegen lassen!

    mind how you go! — pass auf! sei vorsichtig!; (as general farewell) mach's gut! (ugs.)

    mind you get this work done — sieh zu, dass du mit dieser Arbeit fertig wirst!

    5) (have charge of) aufpassen auf (+ Akk.)

    mind the shop or (Amer.) the store — (fig.) sich um den Laden kümmern (ugs.)

    3. intransitive verb
    1)

    mind! — Vorsicht!; Achtung!

    2) usu. in imper. (take note)

    follow the signposts, mind, or... — denk daran und halte dich an die Wegweiser, sonst...

    I didn't know that, mind, or... — das habe ich allerdings nicht gewusst, sonst...

    3) (care, object)

    do you mind? — (may I?) hätten Sie etwas dagegen?; (please do not) ich muss doch sehr bitten

    he doesn't mind about your using the car — er hat nichts dagegen, wenn Sie den Wagen benutzen

    never [you] mind — (it's not important) macht nichts; ist nicht schlimm; (it's none of your business) sei nicht so neugierig

    never mind: I can do it — schon gut - das kann ich machen

    never mind about that now! — lass das jetzt mal [sein/liegen]!

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Absicht -en f.
    Ansicht -en f.
    Geist -er m.
    Gemüt -er n.
    Meinung -en f.
    Phantasie -n f.
    Sinn -e m.
    Verstand -¨e m. v.
    beachten v.

    English-german dictionary > mind

  • 3 mind

    1.
    (the power by which one thinks etc; the intelligence or understanding: The child already has the mind of an adult.) mente, cabeza, cerebro

    2. verb
    1) (to look after or supervise (eg a child): mind the baby.) cuidar
    2) (to be upset by; to object to: You must try not to mind when he criticizes your work.) importar, molestar
    3) (to be careful of: Mind (= be careful not to trip over) the step!) tener cuidado
    4) (to pay attention to or obey: You should mind your parents' words/advice.) hacer caso de

    3. interjection
    (be careful!: Mind! There's a car coming!) ¡cuidado!
    - - minded
    - mindful
    - mindless
    - mindlessly
    - mindlessness
    - mindreader
    - at/in the back of one's mind
    - change one's mind
    - be out of one's mind
    - do you mind!
    - have a good mind to
    - have half a mind to
    - have a mind to
    - in one's mind's eye
    - in one's right mind
    - keep one's mind on
    - know one's own mind
    - make up one's mind
    - mind one's own business
    - never mind
    - on one's mind
    - put someone in mind of
    - put in mind of
    - speak one's mind
    - take/keep one's mind off
    - to my mind
    mind1 n mente
    to my mind... a mi parecer / en mi opinión
    mind2 vb
    1. importar
    do you mind if I sit here? ¿te importa que me siente aquí?
    2. cuidar
    who is minding the baby? ¿quién está cuidando al niño?
    3. tener cuidado
    mind out! ¡cuidado!
    mind your own business! ¡ocúpate de tus asuntos!
    never mind! ¡no importa! / ¡da igual!
    tr[maɪnd]
    ■ you've got a dirty mind! ¡qué guarro eres!
    3 (brain, thoughts) cabeza, cerebro
    4 (person) cerebro
    1 (heed, pay attention to) hacer caso de; (care about) importar, preocupar
    ■ don't mind me! ¡no me hagas caso!
    2 (be careful with) tener cuidado con
    ■ mind the step! ¡cuidado con el escalón!
    ■ mind your head! ¡ojo con la cabeza!
    3 (look after - child) cuidar, cuidar de; (- house) vigilar; (- shop) atender; (- seat, place) guardar
    ■ could you mind the baby for a minute? ¿me puedes cuidar el bebé un momento?
    4 (object to, be troubled by) tener inconveniente en, importar, molestar
    ■ I don't mind staying no tengo inconveniente en quedarme, no me importa quedarme
    ■ are you sure you don't mind going? ¿seguro que no te importa ir?
    ■ do you mind the noise? ¿te molesta el ruido?
    ■ would you mind waiting? ¿le importaría esperar?
    5 (fancy, quite like) venir bien
    1 (be careful) tener cuidado
    ■ mind (out)! ¡cuidado!, ¡ojo!
    2 (object to) importar, molestar, tener inconveniente
    ■ do you mind if I open the window? ¿le importa que abra la ventana?
    ■ would you mind if I used your phone? ¿podría utilizar su teléfono?
    ■ do you want a biscuit? --I don't mind if I do! ¿quieres una galleta? --¡pues sí!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    mind you... ten en cuenta que..., la verdad es que...
    mind your own business no te metas en lo que no te importa
    never mind (it doesn't matter) no importa, da igual 2 (don't worry) no te preocupes 3 (let alone) ni hablar de
    never you mind! ¿a ti qué te importa?
    to be all in the mind no ser más que imaginaciones
    to be in one's right mind estar en su sano juicio
    to be in two minds about something estar indeciso,-a respecto a algo
    to be of one mind / be of the same mind ser del mismo parecer, tener la misma opinión
    to be of sound mind estar en pleno uso de sus facultades (mentales)
    to be on one's mind preocupar a uno
    to bear something in mind tener algo en cuenta, tener algo presente
    to blow somebody's mind alucinar a alguien
    to bring something to mind / call something to mind recordar algo, traer algo a la memoria
    to change one's mind cambiar de opinión, cambiar de parecer
    to come to mind ocurrírsele a uno, venir a la mente
    to cross somebody's mind ocurrírsele a alguien, pasar por la cabeza de alguien
    to get something/somebody out of one's mind quitarse algo/a alguien de la cabeza
    to give somebody a piece of one's mind decir cuatro verdades a alguien
    to go out of one's mind volverse loco,-a
    to have a mind of one's own saber decidirse por sí mismo,-a
    to have a good mind to do something estar por hacer algo, estar casi decidido,-a a hacer algo
    to have half a mind to do something estar por hacer algo, estar casi decidido,-a a hacer algo
    to have somebody/something in mind estar pensando en alguien/algo
    to have something on one's mind estar preocupado,-a por algo
    to keep an open mind tener una mente abierta
    to keep one's mind on something estar atento,-a a algo, prestar atención a algo, concentrarse en algo
    to lose one's mind perder el juicio
    to put somebody in mind of something recordarle a alguien algo
    to put something out of one's mind no pensar más en algo
    to put/set somebody's mind at ease/rest tranquilizar a alguien
    to put/set/turn one's mind to something proponerse algo
    to slip somebody's mind olvidársele a uno
    to somebody's mind en la opinión de alguien
    ■ to my mind en mi opinión, a mi parecer
    to speak one's mind hablar sin rodeos, decir lo que uno piensa
    to take a load/weight off somebody's mind quitarle a alguien un peso de encima
    mind ['maɪnd] vt
    1) tend: cuidar, atender
    mind the children: cuida a los niños
    2) obey: obedecer
    3) : preocuparse por, sentirse molestado por
    I don't mind his jokes: sus bromas no me molestan
    4) : tener cuidado con
    mind the ladder!: ¡cuidado con la escalera!
    mind vi
    1) obey: obedecer
    2) care: importarle a uno
    I don't mind: no me importa, me es igual
    mind n
    1) memory: memoria f, recuerdo m
    keep it in mind: téngalo en cuenta
    2) : mente f
    the mind and the body: la mente y el cuerpo
    3) intention: intención f, propósito m
    to have a mind to do something: tener intención de hacer algo
    4) : razón f
    5) opinion: opinión f
    to change one's mind: cambiar de opinión
    6) intellect: capacidad f intelectual
    adv.
    • mente adv.
    n.
    • cabeza s.f.
    • entendimiento s.m.
    • inteligencia s.f.
    • juicio s.m.
    • memoria s.f.
    • mente s.f.
    • mientes s.m.pl.
    • ánimo s.m.
    v.
    • acordarse de v.
    • atender v.
    • escuchar v.
    • fijarse en v.
    • tener en cuenta v.
    maɪnd
    I
    1)
    a) ( Psych) mente f

    with an open/a closed mind — sin/con ideas preconcebidas

    to keep an open mind on something — mantener* una mentalidad abierta or no cerrarse* frente a algo

    I'm convinced in my own mind that... — yo estoy plenamente convencido de que...

    to bear o keep something/somebody in mind — tener* algo/a alguien en cuenta, tener* presente algo/a alguien

    to bring o call something to mind: this case brings to mind another incident este caso (nos) recuerda otro incidente; to come to mind: nothing in particular comes to mind no se me ocurre nada en particular; to have something/somebody in mind tener* algo/a alguien en mente; with that in mind pensando en eso; to have something on one's mind: what's on your mind? ¿qué es lo que te preocupa?; to prey o weigh on somebody's mind: it's been preying o weighing on my mind me ha estado preocupando; that put my mind at rest con eso me tranquilizé or me quedé tranquilo; put it out of your mind! no pienses más en eso!; I can see her now in my mind's eye es como si la estuviera viendo; you're not ill: it's all in the mind no estás enfermo, es pura sugestión; I can't get him/the thought out of my mind no puedo quitármelo de la cabeza, no hago más que pensar en él/en eso; it never crossed my mind that... ni se me ocurrió pensar que..., nunca me habría imaginado que..., ni se me pasó por la cabeza que...; to take a load o weight off somebody's mind quitarle a alguien un peso de encima; great minds think alike — (hum) los genios pensamos igual

    b) ( mentality) mentalidad f
    c) ( Phil) (no art) espíritu m
    2) ( attention)

    to put one's mind to something: he can be quite charming if he puts his mind to it cuando quiere or cuando se lo propone, es un verdadero encanto; you could finish it today if you put your mind to it si te lo propones puedes terminarlo hoy; he needs something to take his mind off it necesita algo que lo distraiga; it slipped my mind — se me olvidó

    3)
    a) ( opinion)

    to change one's mind — cambiar de opinión or de parecer or de idea

    my mind's made up — lo he decidido, estoy decidido

    he spoke his mind — dijo lo que pensaba, habló sin tapujos

    to my mind — a mi parecer, en mi opinión

    to be in o of two minds about something — estar* indeciso respecto a algo

    b) (will, intention)

    he has a mind of his own — ( he is obstinate) es muy empecinado or porfiado or testarudo; ( he knows his own mind) sabe muy bien lo que quiere

    to have a mind to + inf: when he has a mind to cuando quiere, cuando se lo propone; I've a good mind to complain to the manager tengo ganas de ir a quejarme al gerente; I've half a mind to tell her myself casi estoy por decírselo or casi se lo diría yo mismo; she certainly knows her own mind — ciertamente sabe lo que quiere

    4) ( mental faculties) juicio m, razón f

    to be of sound mind — (frml) estar* en pleno uso de sus (or mis etc) facultades (mentales) (frml)

    to be/go out of one's mind — estar*/volverse* loco

    no one in her/his right mind... — nadie en su sano juicio or en sus cabales...

    to blow somebody's mind — (colloq) alucinar a alguien (fam)

    5) ( person) mente f, cabeza f, cerebro m

    II
    1.
    1) ( look after) \<\<children\>\> cuidar, cuidar de; \<\<seat/place\>\> guardar, cuidar; \<\<shop/office\>\> atender*

    mind your head! — ojo or cuidado con la cabeza!

    mind how you go! — (colloq) cuídate, vete con cuidado

    b) ( concern oneself about) preocuparse por

    don't mind me — no se preocupen por mí, hagan como si yo no estuviera

    c)

    we didn't break even, never mind make a profit — ni siquiera cubrimos los gastos, ni hablar pues de ganancias

    3) ( object to) (usu neg or interrog)

    I don't mind the noise/cold — no me molesta or no me importa el ruido/frío

    I don't mind him, but I can't stand her — él no me disgusta, pero a ella no la soporto

    I wouldn't mind a drink — (colloq) no me vendría mal un trago

    I don't mind what you do — me da igual or me da lo mismo lo que hagas

    to mind -ING: would you mind waiting? ¿le importaría esperar?, espere, por favor; if you don't mind me saying so — si me permites


    2.
    vi
    a) ( take care)

    mind! — ojo!, cuidado!

    never mind — no importa, no te preocupes (or no se preocupen etc)

    2) ( object) (usu neg or interrog)

    I don't mind — me da igual or lo mismo

    have another one - I don't mind if I do! — (BrE hum) tómate otro - hombre, no te diría que no; ( expressing indignation)

    do you mind if I smoke? - yes, I do mind! — ¿te importa si fumo? - sí que me importa!

    do you mind! — ( expressing indignation) hágame el favor!

    3) ( take note) (only in imperative)

    I'm not promising, mind! — mira que no te lo prometo ¿eh?

    he's very generous; mind you, he can afford to be! — es muy generoso; pero claro, puede permitírselo

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [maɪnd]
    1. NOUN
    1) (=brain, head) mente f

    a logical/creative mind — una mente racional/creativa

    • it's all in the mind — es pura sugestión

    • at the back of my mind I had the feeling that... — tenía la remota sensación de que...

    • to bring one's mind to bear on sth — concentrarse en algo

    • it came to my mind that... — se me ocurrió que...

    • I'm not clear in my mind about it — todavía no lo tengo claro or no lo llego a entender

    • it crossed my mind (that) — se me ocurrió (que)

    yes, it had crossed my mind — sí, eso se me había ocurrido

    does it ever cross your mind that...? — ¿piensas alguna vez que...?

    • it never entered my mind — jamás se me pasó por la cabeza

    • I can't get it out of my mind — no me lo puedo quitar de la cabeza

    • to go over sth in one's mind — repasar algo mentalmente

    • a triumph of mind over matter — un triunfo del espíritu sobre la materia

    • to have one's mind on sth — estar pensando en algo

    what's on your mind? — ¿qué es lo que te preocupa?

    • you can put that right out of your mind — conviene no pensar más en eso

    • knowing that he had arrived safely set my mind at ease or rest — el saber que había llegado sano y salvo me tranquilizó

    • the thought that springs to mind is... — lo que primero se le ocurre a uno es...

    • state of mind — estado m de ánimo

    • that will take your mind off it — eso te distraerá

    • to be uneasy in one's mind — quedarse con dudas

    that's a load or weight off my mind! — ¡eso me quita un peso de encima!

    blank 1., 2), read 1., 3), presence
    2) (=memory)

    • to bear sth/sb in mind — tener en cuenta algo/a algn

    we must bear (it) in mind that... — debemos tener en cuenta que..., tenemos que recordar que...

    to keep sth/sb in mind — tener presente or en cuenta algo/a algn

    • to pass out of mind — caer en el olvido

    time out of mind — tiempo m inmemorial

    it went right or clean out of my mind — se me fue por completo de la cabeza

    • to bring or call sth to mind — recordar algo, traer algo a la memoria

    slip 3., 3), stick II, 2., 5)
    3) (=intention)

    • you can do it if you have a mind to — puedes lograrlo si de verdad estás empeñado en ello

    I have half a mind to do it — estoy tentado or me dan ganas de hacerlo

    • nothing was further from my mind — nada más lejos de mi intención

    • to have sth in mind — tener pensado algo

    who do you have in mind for the job? — ¿a quién piensas darle el puesto or tienes en mente para el puesto?

    4) (=opinion) opinión f, parecer m

    • to change one's mind — cambiar de opinión or idea or parecer

    • to have a closed mind — tener una mente cerrada

    • to know one's own mind — saber lo que uno quiere

    • to make up one's mind — decidirse

    he has made up his mind to leave home — ha decidido irse de casa, está decidido a irse de casa

    • to my mind — a mi juicio

    • to be of one mind — estar de acuerdo

    • with an open mind — con espíritu abierto or mentalidad abierta

    • to have a mind of one's own — [person] (=think for o.s.) pensar por sí mismo; hum [machine etc] tener voluntad propia, hacer lo que quiere

    • to be of the same mind — ser de la misma opinión, estar de acuerdo

    I was of the same mind as my brother — yo estaba de acuerdo con mi hermano, yo era de la misma opinión que mi hermano

    - be in or of two minds
    piece 1., 1), speak 2., 2)
    5) (=mental balance) juicio m

    • to lose one's mind — perder el juicio

    • nobody in his right mind would do it — nadie que esté en su sano juicio lo haría

    • of sound mind — en pleno uso de sus facultades mentales

    • of unsound mind — mentalmente incapacitado

    - be out of one's mind

    you must be out of your mind! — ¡tú debes estar loco!

    to go out of one's mind — perder el juicio, volverse loco

    to go out of one's mind with worry/jealousy — volverse loco de preocupación/celos

    6) (=person) mente f, cerebro m
    2. TRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (=be careful of) tener cuidado con

    mind you don't fall — ten cuidado, no te vayas a caer

    mind you don't get wet! — ten cuidado, no te vayas a mojar

    • mind your head! — ¡cuidado con la cabeza!

    • mind how you go! * — (as farewell) ¡cuídate!

    • mind your language! — ¡qué manera de hablar es esa!

    • mind your manners! — ¡qué modales son esos!

    • mind the step! — ¡cuidado con el escalón!

    • mind what you're doing! — ¡cuidado con lo que haces!

    • mind where you're going! — ¡mira por dónde vas!

    • mind yourself! — ¡cuidado, no te vayas a hacer daño!

    2) (=make sure)

    mind you do it! — ¡hazlo sin falta!, ¡no dejes de hacerlo!

    3) (=pay attention to) hacer caso de

    mind what I say! — ¡hazme caso!, ¡escucha lo que te digo!

    • mind your own business! — ¡no te metas donde no te llaman!

    • don't mind me — por mí no se preocupe

    don't mind me! — iro ¡y a mí que me parta un rayo! *

    • never mind that now — olvídate de eso ahora

    • mind you, it was raining at the time — claro que or te advierto que en ese momento llovía

    it was a big one, mind you — era grande, eso sí

    4) (=look after) cuidar

    could you mind the baby this afternoon? — ¿podrías cuidar al niño esta tarde?

    could you mind my bags for a few minutes? — ¿me cuidas or guardas las bolsas un momento?

    5) (=dislike, object to)

    • I don't mind the cold — a mí no me molesta el frío

    I don't mind four, but six is too many — cuatro no me importa, pero seis son muchos

    if you don't mind my or me saying so, I think you're wrong — perdona que te diga pero estás equivocado, permíteme que te diga que te equivocas

    I don't mind telling you, I was shocked — estaba horrorizado, lo confieso

    • I wouldn't mind a cup of tea — no me vendría mal un té

    • do you mind telling me where you've been? — ¿te importa decirme dónde has estado?

    • would you mind opening the door? — ¿me hace el favor de abrir la puerta?, ¿le importa(ría) abrir la puerta?

    7) dialect (=remember) acordarse de, recordar

    I mind the time when... — me acuerdo de cuando...

    3. INTRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (=be careful) tener cuidado

    mind! — ¡cuidado!, ¡ojo!, ¡abusado! (Mex)

    2) (=object)

    do you mind? — ¿te importa?

    do you mind! — iro ¡por favor!

    do you mind if I open the window? — ¿te molesta que abra or si abro la ventana?

    do you mind if I come? — ¿te importa que yo venga?

    "do you mind if I take this book?" - "I don't mind at all" — -¿te importa si me llevo or que me lleve este libro? -en absoluto

    if you don't mind, I won't come — si no te importa, yo no iré

    please, if you don't mind — si no le importa, si es tan amable

    close the door, if you don't mind — hazme el favor de cerrar la puerta

    "cigarette?" - "I don't mind if I do" — -¿un cigarrillo? -pues muchas gracias or bueno or no digo que no

    • never mind — (=don't worry) no te preocupes; (=it makes no odds) es igual, da lo mismo; (=it's not important) no importa

    I can't walk, never mind run — no puedo andar, ni mucho menos correr

    he didn't do it, mind — pero en realidad no lo hizo, la verdad es que no lo hizo

    4.
    COMPOUNDS

    mind game N — juego m psicológico

    mind map N — mapa m mental

    * * *
    [maɪnd]
    I
    1)
    a) ( Psych) mente f

    with an open/a closed mind — sin/con ideas preconcebidas

    to keep an open mind on something — mantener* una mentalidad abierta or no cerrarse* frente a algo

    I'm convinced in my own mind that... — yo estoy plenamente convencido de que...

    to bear o keep something/somebody in mind — tener* algo/a alguien en cuenta, tener* presente algo/a alguien

    to bring o call something to mind: this case brings to mind another incident este caso (nos) recuerda otro incidente; to come to mind: nothing in particular comes to mind no se me ocurre nada en particular; to have something/somebody in mind tener* algo/a alguien en mente; with that in mind pensando en eso; to have something on one's mind: what's on your mind? ¿qué es lo que te preocupa?; to prey o weigh on somebody's mind: it's been preying o weighing on my mind me ha estado preocupando; that put my mind at rest con eso me tranquilizé or me quedé tranquilo; put it out of your mind! no pienses más en eso!; I can see her now in my mind's eye es como si la estuviera viendo; you're not ill: it's all in the mind no estás enfermo, es pura sugestión; I can't get him/the thought out of my mind no puedo quitármelo de la cabeza, no hago más que pensar en él/en eso; it never crossed my mind that... ni se me ocurrió pensar que..., nunca me habría imaginado que..., ni se me pasó por la cabeza que...; to take a load o weight off somebody's mind quitarle a alguien un peso de encima; great minds think alike — (hum) los genios pensamos igual

    b) ( mentality) mentalidad f
    c) ( Phil) (no art) espíritu m
    2) ( attention)

    to put one's mind to something: he can be quite charming if he puts his mind to it cuando quiere or cuando se lo propone, es un verdadero encanto; you could finish it today if you put your mind to it si te lo propones puedes terminarlo hoy; he needs something to take his mind off it necesita algo que lo distraiga; it slipped my mind — se me olvidó

    3)
    a) ( opinion)

    to change one's mind — cambiar de opinión or de parecer or de idea

    my mind's made up — lo he decidido, estoy decidido

    he spoke his mind — dijo lo que pensaba, habló sin tapujos

    to my mind — a mi parecer, en mi opinión

    to be in o of two minds about something — estar* indeciso respecto a algo

    b) (will, intention)

    he has a mind of his own — ( he is obstinate) es muy empecinado or porfiado or testarudo; ( he knows his own mind) sabe muy bien lo que quiere

    to have a mind to + inf: when he has a mind to cuando quiere, cuando se lo propone; I've a good mind to complain to the manager tengo ganas de ir a quejarme al gerente; I've half a mind to tell her myself casi estoy por decírselo or casi se lo diría yo mismo; she certainly knows her own mind — ciertamente sabe lo que quiere

    4) ( mental faculties) juicio m, razón f

    to be of sound mind — (frml) estar* en pleno uso de sus (or mis etc) facultades (mentales) (frml)

    to be/go out of one's mind — estar*/volverse* loco

    no one in her/his right mind... — nadie en su sano juicio or en sus cabales...

    to blow somebody's mind — (colloq) alucinar a alguien (fam)

    5) ( person) mente f, cabeza f, cerebro m

    II
    1.
    1) ( look after) \<\<children\>\> cuidar, cuidar de; \<\<seat/place\>\> guardar, cuidar; \<\<shop/office\>\> atender*

    mind your head! — ojo or cuidado con la cabeza!

    mind how you go! — (colloq) cuídate, vete con cuidado

    b) ( concern oneself about) preocuparse por

    don't mind me — no se preocupen por mí, hagan como si yo no estuviera

    c)

    we didn't break even, never mind make a profit — ni siquiera cubrimos los gastos, ni hablar pues de ganancias

    3) ( object to) (usu neg or interrog)

    I don't mind the noise/cold — no me molesta or no me importa el ruido/frío

    I don't mind him, but I can't stand her — él no me disgusta, pero a ella no la soporto

    I wouldn't mind a drink — (colloq) no me vendría mal un trago

    I don't mind what you do — me da igual or me da lo mismo lo que hagas

    to mind -ING: would you mind waiting? ¿le importaría esperar?, espere, por favor; if you don't mind me saying so — si me permites


    2.
    vi
    a) ( take care)

    mind! — ojo!, cuidado!

    never mind — no importa, no te preocupes (or no se preocupen etc)

    2) ( object) (usu neg or interrog)

    I don't mind — me da igual or lo mismo

    have another one - I don't mind if I do! — (BrE hum) tómate otro - hombre, no te diría que no; ( expressing indignation)

    do you mind if I smoke? - yes, I do mind! — ¿te importa si fumo? - sí que me importa!

    do you mind! — ( expressing indignation) hágame el favor!

    3) ( take note) (only in imperative)

    I'm not promising, mind! — mira que no te lo prometo ¿eh?

    he's very generous; mind you, he can afford to be! — es muy generoso; pero claro, puede permitírselo

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > mind

  • 4 leave

    I noun, no pl.
    1) (permission) Erlaubnis, die; (official approval) Genehmigung, die

    grant or give somebody leave to do something — jemandem gestatten, etwas zu tun

    get leave from somebody to do something — von jemandem die Erlaubnis bekommen, etwas zu tun

    by leave of somebody — mit jemandes Genehmigung

    by your leave — (formal) mit Ihrer Erlaubnis

    2) (from duty or work) Urlaub, der

    leave [of absence] — Beurlaubung, die; Urlaub, der (auch Mil.)

    go on leave — in Urlaub gehen

    be on leave — Urlaub haben; in Urlaub sein

    3)

    take one's leave — (say farewell) sich verabschieden; Abschied nehmen (geh.)

    he must have taken leave of his senses — er muss von Sinnen sein

    II transitive verb,
    1) (make or let remain, lit. or fig.) hinterlassen

    he left a message with me for Mary — er hat bei mir eine Nachricht für Mary hinterlassen

    leave somebody to do something — es jemandem überlassen, etwas zu tun

    6 from 10 leaves 4 — 10 weniger 6 ist 4; (in will)

    leave somebody something, leave something to somebody — jemandem etwas hinterlassen

    2) (by mistake) vergessen
    3)

    be left with — nicht loswerden [Gefühl, Verdacht]; übrig behalten [Geld]; zurückbleiben mit [Schulden, Kind]

    I was left with the job of clearing up — es blieb mir überlassen, aufzuräumen

    4) (refrain from doing, using, etc., let remain undisturbed) stehen lassen [Abwasch, Essen]; sich (Dat.) entgehen lassen [Gelegenheit]
    5) (let remain in given state) lassen

    leave the door open/the light on — die Tür offen lassen/das Licht anlassen

    leave somebody in the dark — (fig.) jemanden im dunkeln lassen

    leave one's clothes all over the room — seine Kleider im ganzen Zimmer herumliegen lassen

    leave somebody alone — (allow to be alone) jemanden allein lassen; (stop bothering) jemanden in Ruhe lassen

    leave it at that — (coll.) es dabei bewenden lassen

    leave something to somebody/something — etwas jemandem/einer Sache überlassen

    I leave the matter entirely in your hands — ich lege diese Angelegenheit ganz in Ihre Hand/Hände

    leave it to me — lass mich nur machen

    7) (go away from) verlassen

    leave home at 6 a.m. — um 6 Uhr früh von zu Hause weggehen/-fahren

    the plane leaves Bonn at 6 p.m. — das Flugzeug fliegt um 18 Uhr von Bonn ab

    leave Bonn at 6 p.m. — (by car, in train) um 18 Uhr von Bonn abfahren; (by plane) um 18 Uhr in Bonn abfliegen

    leave the road — (crash) von der Fahrbahn abkommen

    leave the rails or tracks — entgleisen

    I left her at the bus stop — (parted from) an der Bushaltestelle haben wir uns getrennt; (set down) ich habe sie an der Bushaltestelle abgesetzt

    leave the table — vom Tisch aufstehen; abs.

    the train leaves at 8.30 a.m. — der Zug fährt od. geht um 8.30 Uhr

    leave for Paris — nach Paris fahren/fliegen

    leave on the 8 a.m. train/flight — mit dem Acht-Uhr-Zug fahren/der Acht-Uhr-Maschine fliegen

    8) (quit permanently) verlassen

    leave school — die Schule verlassen; (prematurely) von der Schule abgehen

    9) (desert) verlassen

    leave somebody for another man/woman — jemanden wegen eines anderen Mannes/einer anderen Frau verlassen

    he was left for dead — man ließ ihn zurück, weil man ihn für tot hielt

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/42249/leave_aside">leave aside
    * * *
    I [li:v] past tense, past participle - left; verb
    1) (to go away or depart from, often without intending to return: He left the room for a moment; They left at about six o'clock; I have left that job.) verlassen, aufgeben
    2) (to go without taking: She left her gloves in the car; He left his children behind when he went to France.) zurücklassen
    3) (to allow to remain in a particular state or condition: She left the job half-finished.) lassen
    4) (to let (a person or a thing) do something without being helped or attended to: I'll leave the meat to cook for a while.) lassen
    5) (to allow to remain for someone to do, make etc: Leave that job to the experts!) überlassen
    6) (to make a gift of in one's will: She left all her property to her son.) hinterlassen
    •
    - leave alone
    - leave out
    - left over     II [li:v] noun
    1) (permission to do something, eg to be absent: Have I your leave to go?) die Erlaubnis
    2) ((especially of soldiers, sailors etc) a holiday: He is home on leave at the moment.) der Urlaub
    •
    - take one's leave of
    - take one's leave
    * * *
    [li:v]
    I. n no pl
    1. (departure) Abreise f
    2. (farewell) Abschied m
    to take [one's] \leave [of sb] sich akk [von jdm] verabschieden
    3. (permission, consent) Erlaubnis f
    to ask sb's \leave jdn um Erlaubnis bitten
    to get/have sb's \leave [to do sth] jds Erlaubnis bekommen/haben[, etw zu tun]
    ▪ with/without sb's \leave mit/ohne jds Erlaubnis
    absence without \leave unerlaubtes Fernbleiben
    without so much as a by your \leave ( iron) ohne auch nur im Mindesten um Erlaubnis zu fragen
    4. (vacation time) Urlaub m
    maternity \leave Mutterschaftsurlaub m, Karenz f ÖSTERR
    sick \leave Genesungsurlaub m, Krankenstand m ÖSTERR
    annual \leave Jahresurlaub m
    to be/go on \leave in Urlaub sein/gehen
    to be on \leave for sth für etw akk beurlaubt sein
    to get \leave to do sth freibekommen, um etw zu tun
    5.
    ▶ to do sth by one's own \leave ( dated) etw tun, ohne überhaupt zu fragen
    ▶ to have taken [complete] \leave of one's senses [völlig] übergeschnappt sein fam
    have you taken \leave of your senses? that's a very dangerous animal! bist du noch bei Trost? das ist ein sehr gefährliches Tier! fam
    II. vt
    <left, left>
    ▪ to \leave sth place etw verlassen
    the train \leaves the station in five minutes der Zug fährt in fünf Minuten vom Bahnhof ab
    he left them and came over to speak with us er ließ sie stehen und kam herüber, um mit uns zu sprechen
    to \leave home von zu Hause weggehen [o fortgehen]
    to \leave one's husband/wife seinen Ehemann/seine Ehefrau verlassen
    to \leave a job eine Stelle aufgeben
    to \leave school/university die Schule/Universität beenden
    to \leave work aufhören zu arbeiten
    3. (not take away with)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw zurücklassen
    I'll \leave my winter coat — I won't need it ich lasse meinen Wintermantel da — ich werde ihn nicht brauchen
    to \leave a message/note [for sb] [jdm] eine Nachricht/ein paar Zeilen hinterlassen
    ▪ to \leave sb/sth with sb jdn/etw bei jdm lassen
    4. (forget to take)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw vergessen
    to \leave footprints/stains Fußabdrücke/Flecken hinterlassen
    the incident left a feeling of resentment der Vorfall hinterließ einen unangenehmen Nachgeschmack
    6. (cause to remain)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw übrig lassen
    five from twelve \leaves seven zwölf weniger fünf macht sieben
    ▪ to \leave sb sth [or to \leave sth for sb] jdm etw übrig lassen
    if you take two, then that \leaves me three wenn du zwei nimmst, bleiben drei für mich übrig
    we were left with five pieces that we couldn't fit into the jigsaw uns blieben am Ende fünf Teile übrig, die wir nicht in das Puzzle einfügen konnten
    7. (cause to remain in a certain state)
    to \leave sb/an animal alone jdn/ein Tier alleine lassen
    to \leave sb better/worse off jdn in einer besseren/schlechteren Situation zurücklassen
    to be left homeless obdachlos sein
    to \leave sth on/open etw eingeschaltet/offen lassen
    ▪ to \leave sb/sth doing sth:
    I left the children watching television ich ließ die Kinder vor dem Fernseher zurück
    he left the engine running er ließ den Motor laufen
    8. (not change)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw lassen
    \leave that, I'll take care of it later lass das, ich kümmere mich später darum
    9. (not eat)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw übrig lassen
    10. (bequeath)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw hinterlassen
    to \leave sb sth in one's will jdm etw testamentarisch vermachen
    ▪ to \leave sb jdn hinterlassen
    he \leaves a wife and two young children er hinterlässt eine Frau und zwei kleine Kinder
    12. (put off doing)
    ▪ to \leave sth etw lassen
    I'll \leave the rest of the work for tomorrow ich hebe mir den Rest der Arbeit für morgen auf
    don't \leave it too late! schieb es nicht zu lange auf!
    you've left it too late to apply again du hast damit zu lange gewartet, um dich nochmal bewerben zu können
    do you always \leave doing things till the very last possible minute? schiebst du immer alles bis zur allerletzten Minute auf?
    13. (not discuss further)
    to \leave a question/subject eine Frage/ein Thema lassen
    let's \leave it at that lassen wir es dabei bewenden
    14. (assign)
    ▪ to \leave sth to sb decision jdm etw überlassen
    I left making the important decisions to Martha ich überließ es Martha, die wichtigen Entscheidungen zu treffen
    ▪ to \leave sb to do sth:
    I left her to make the decision ich ließ sie die Entscheidung treffen
    ▪ to \leave it to sb [to do sth] es jdm überlassen[, etw zu tun]
    15.
    ▶ to \leave sth up in the air etw offenlassen
    ▶ to \leave sb alone jdn in Ruhe lassen
    ▶ \leave well [enough] alone! lass die Finger davon!
    ▶ to \leave sb be jdn in Ruhe lassen
    ▶ just \leave it be lass es gut sein
    ▶ to \leave a bad [or sour] [or unpleasant] taste [in one's mouth] einen unangenehmen Nachgeschmack hinterlassen fig
    ▶ to \leave nothing/sth to chance nichts/etw dem Zufall überlassen
    ▶ to \leave sb cold jdn kaltlassen
    ▶ to \leave sb out in the cold jdn ignorieren
    everyone else had been invited, only he had been left out in the cold alle anderen waren eingeladen worden, nur ihn hatte man übergangen
    the new taxation system \leaves single mothers out in the cold das neue Steuersystem lässt allein erziehende Mütter im Regen stehen
    ▶ to \leave sb to their own devices jdn sich dat selbst überlassen
    ▶ \leave it to sb to do sth du kannst darauf zählen, dass jd etw tut
    \leave it to John to forget the keys! natürlich hat John wieder die Schlüssel vergessen!
    ▶ to \leave the door open to sth etw begünstigen
    this will \leave the door open to domestic companies to compete for international business dies wird es inländischen Firmen erleichtern, sich um internationale Aufträge zu bewerben
    ▶ to \leave go [or hold] of sb/sth jdn/etw loslassen
    ▶ to \leave sb holding the baby [or AM bag] ( fam) jdn die Suppe auslöffeln lassen fam
    ▶ to \leave a lot to be desired viel zu wünschen übrig lassen
    ▶ to \leave sb in the lurch jdn im Stich [o fam hängen] lassen
    ▶ to \leave sb on the sidelines, to \leave sb standing jdn ausstechen
    ▶ to \leave no stone unturned nichts unversucht lassen
    ▶ to \leave oneself wide open sich dat eine Blöße geben
    III. vi
    <left, left>
    [weg]gehen; vehicle abfahren; plane abfliegen
    our train is leaving in five minutes unser Zug fährt in fünf Minuten ab
    we are leaving for Paris wir fahren nach Paris
    * * *
    [liːv] vb: pret, ptp left
    1. n
    1) (= permission) Erlaubnis f
    2) (= permission to be absent MIL) Urlaub m

    to be on leave — auf Urlaub sein, Urlaub haben

    I've got leave to attend the conference — ich habe freibekommen, um an der Konferenz teilzunehmen

    3)
    2. vt
    1) (= depart from, quit) place, person verlassen

    when the plane left Rome — als das Flugzeug von Rom abflog

    when he left Rome — als er von Rom wegging/wegfuhr/abflog etc

    would you leave us, please? — würden Sie uns bitte allein lassen?

    please sir, may I leave the room? — Herr X, darf ich mal raus?

    to leave the country — das Land verlassen; (permanently) auswandern

    to leave home — von zu Hause weggehen/wegfahren; (permanently) von zu Hause weggehen

    to leave school — die Schule verlassen; (prematurely also) (von der Schule) abgehen

    I'll leave you at the station — am Bahnhof trennen wir uns dann; (in car) ich setze dich am Bahnhof ab

    2) (= allow or cause to remain) lassen; bad taste, dirty mark, message, scar, impression hinterlassen

    left three letters for you —

    they were left to die — man ließ sie sterben

    3) (= leave in a certain condition) lassen

    this leaves me free for the afternoon/free to go shopping — dadurch habe ich den Nachmittag frei/Zeit zum Einkaufen

    to leave sb to do sth — es jdm überlassen, etw zu tun

    to leave go of sb/sth — jdn/etw loslassen

    let's leave it at that —

    if we leave it so that he'll contact us — wenn wir dabei verbleiben, dass er sich mit uns in Verbindung setzt

    to leave sth to the last minute — mit etw bis zur letzten Minute warten

    4) (= forget) liegen lassen, stehen lassen
    5) (after death) person, money hinterlassen
    6)

    all I have left — alles, was ich noch habe

    I've (got) £6 left — ich habe noch 6 Pfund (übrig)

    3 from 10 leaves 7 —

    there was nothing left for me to do but to sell it — mir blieb nichts anderes übrig, als es zu verkaufen

    7) (= entrust) überlassen (up to sb jdm)

    leave it to me —

    I leave it to you to judge — es bleibt dir überlassen, zu urteilen

    8)

    (= stop) let's leave this now — lassen wir das jetzt mal

    3. vi
    (person) (weg)gehen; (in vehicle) abfahren; (in plane) abfliegen; (train, bus, ship) abfahren

    which flight did he leave on? —

    * * *
    leave1 [liːv] prät und pperf left [left]
    A v/t
    1. verlassen:
    a) von jemandem oder einem Ort etc fort-, weggehen:
    the car left the road der Wagen kam von der Straße ab; → home A 1
    b) abreisen, abfahren etc von ( for nach)
    c) von der Schule abgehen
    d) jemanden oder etwas im Stich lassen, etwas aufgeben:
    she left him for another man sie verließ ihn wegen eines anderen Mannes;
    get left umg im Stich gelassen werden
    e) aus einem Verein etc austreten
    2. lassen:
    leave sth about ( oder around) the room etwas im Zimmer herumliegen lassen umg;
    leave sth to cool etwas auskühlen lassen;
    leave it at that es dabei belassen oder (bewenden) lassen;
    leave things as they are die Dinge so lassen, wie sie sind;
    a) allein lassen,
    b) auch leave be jemanden, etwas in Ruhe lassen
    c) auch leave be etwas auf sich beruhen lassen;
    leave him alone! auch du sollst ihn in Ruhe lassen!;
    leave sb to themselves jemanden sich selbst überlassen;
    leave sth until the last minute sich etwas bis zur letzten Minute aufheben; → cold A 4 d, device 7, lurch2, severely 1
    3. (übrig) lassen:
    6 from 8 leaves 2 8 minus 6 ist 2;
    be left übrig bleiben oder übrig sein;
    there is plenty of wine left es ist noch viel Wein übrig;
    there’s nothing left for us but to go uns bleibt nichts (anderes) übrig als zu gehen;
    “to be left till called for” „postlagernd“;
    with ten minutes left zehn Minuten vor Schluss;
    he’s got a lot left umg er hat noch eine Menge drauf; → desire A 1, stone C 1, undone 1
    4. eine Narbe etc zurücklassen (on sb’s face in jemandes Gesicht), einen Eindruck, eine Nachricht, eine Spur etc hinterlassen:
    leave sb wondering whether … jemanden im Zweifel darüber lassen, ob …;
    be left with sitzen bleiben auf (dat) umg;
    the accident left his face disfigured nach dem Unfall war sein Gesicht entstellt; → impression 6, mark1 A 15
    5. hängen oder liegen oder stehen lassen, vergessen:
    6. überlassen, anheimstellen ( beide:
    to sb jemandem):
    leave it to sb to do sth es jemandem überlassen oder anheimstellen, etwas zu tun;
    I leave it to you to decide ich überlasse die Entscheidung Ihnen; → chance A 1
    7. (nach dem Tode) hinterlassen:
    he leaves a widow and five children er hinterlässt eine Frau und fünf Kinder;
    he left his family well off er ließ seine Familie in gesicherten Verhältnissen zurück
    8. vermachen, -erben:
    9. (auf der Fahrt) links oder rechts liegen lassen:
    10. aufhören mit, einstellen, (unter)lassen
    B v/i
    1. (fort-, weg)gehen, abreisen, abfahren ( alle:
    for nach):
    the train leaves at six der Zug fährt um 6 (Uhr) ab oder geht um 6
    leave2 [liːv] s
    1. Erlaubnis f, Genehmigung f:
    ask leave of sb, ask sb’s leave jemanden um Erlaubnis bitten;
    give sb leave to do sth jemandem die Erlaubnis geben, etwas zu tun; jemandem gestatten, etwas zu tun;
    take leave to say sich zu sagen erlauben;
    by leave of mit Genehmigung (gen);
    by your leave mit Ihrer Erlaubnis, iron mit Ihrer gütigen Erlaubnis;
    without so much as a ‘by your leave’ umg ohne auch nur zu fragen; → absence 2, absent A 1, beg A 1
    2. Urlaub m:
    leave from the front MIL Fronturlaub;
    (go) on leave auf Urlaub (gehen);
    a man on leave ein Urlauber;
    leave pay Urlaubsgeld n; → absence 2
    3. Abschied m:
    take (one’s) leave sich verabschieden, Abschied nehmen ( beide:
    of sb von jemandem); → sense A 2
    leave3 [liːv] → leaf B 1
    * * *
    I noun, no pl.
    1) (permission) Erlaubnis, die; (official approval) Genehmigung, die

    grant or give somebody leave to do something — jemandem gestatten, etwas zu tun

    get leave from somebody to do something — von jemandem die Erlaubnis bekommen, etwas zu tun

    by your leave — (formal) mit Ihrer Erlaubnis

    2) (from duty or work) Urlaub, der

    leave [of absence] — Beurlaubung, die; Urlaub, der (auch Mil.)

    be on leave — Urlaub haben; in Urlaub sein

    3)

    take one's leave — (say farewell) sich verabschieden; Abschied nehmen (geh.)

    II transitive verb,
    1) (make or let remain, lit. or fig.) hinterlassen

    leave somebody to do something — es jemandem überlassen, etwas zu tun

    6 from 10 leaves 4 — 10 weniger 6 ist 4; (in will)

    leave somebody something, leave something to somebody — jemandem etwas hinterlassen

    2) (by mistake) vergessen
    3)

    be left with — nicht loswerden [Gefühl, Verdacht]; übrig behalten [Geld]; zurückbleiben mit [Schulden, Kind]

    I was left with the job of clearing up — es blieb mir überlassen, aufzuräumen

    4) (refrain from doing, using, etc., let remain undisturbed) stehen lassen [Abwasch, Essen]; sich (Dat.) entgehen lassen [Gelegenheit]

    leave the door open/the light on — die Tür offen lassen/das Licht anlassen

    leave somebody in the dark — (fig.) jemanden im dunkeln lassen

    leave somebody alone — (allow to be alone) jemanden allein lassen; (stop bothering) jemanden in Ruhe lassen

    leave it at that — (coll.) es dabei bewenden lassen

    6) (refer, entrust)

    leave something to somebody/something — etwas jemandem/einer Sache überlassen

    I leave the matter entirely in your hands — ich lege diese Angelegenheit ganz in Ihre Hand/Hände

    7) (go away from) verlassen

    leave home at 6 a.m. — um 6 Uhr früh von zu Hause weggehen/-fahren

    the plane leaves Bonn at 6 p.m. — das Flugzeug fliegt um 18 Uhr von Bonn ab

    leave Bonn at 6 p.m. — (by car, in train) um 18 Uhr von Bonn abfahren; (by plane) um 18 Uhr in Bonn abfliegen

    leave the road — (crash) von der Fahrbahn abkommen

    leave the rails or tracks — entgleisen

    I left her at the bus stop — (parted from) an der Bushaltestelle haben wir uns getrennt; (set down) ich habe sie an der Bushaltestelle abgesetzt

    leave the table — vom Tisch aufstehen; abs.

    the train leaves at 8.30 a.m. — der Zug fährt od. geht um 8.30 Uhr

    leave for Paris — nach Paris fahren/fliegen

    leave on the 8 a.m. train/flight — mit dem Acht-Uhr-Zug fahren/der Acht-Uhr-Maschine fliegen

    8) (quit permanently) verlassen

    leave school — die Schule verlassen; (prematurely) von der Schule abgehen

    9) (desert) verlassen

    leave somebody for another man/woman — jemanden wegen eines anderen Mannes/einer anderen Frau verlassen

    he was left for dead — man ließ ihn zurück, weil man ihn für tot hielt

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Abschied -e m.
    Urlaub -e m. (the country) v.
    ausreisen v. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: left)
    = abfahren v.
    aufhören v.
    hinterlassen v.
    verlassen v.
    zurücklassen v.
    überlassen v.
    übriglassen v.

    English-german dictionary > leave

  • 5 leave

    [li:v] n
    1) ( departure) Abreise f
    2) ( farewell) Abschied m;
    to take [one's] \leave [of sb] sich akk [von jdm] verabschieden
    3) (permission, consent) Erlaubnis f;
    to ask sb's \leave jdn um Erlaubnis bitten;
    to get/have sb's \leave [to do sth] jds Erlaubnis bekommen/haben[, etw zu tun];
    with/without sb's \leave mit/ohne jds Erlaubnis;
    absence without \leave unerlaubtes Fernbleiben;
    without so much as a by your \leave ( iron) ohne auch nur im Mindesten um Erlaubnis zu fragen
    4) ( vacation time) Urlaub m;
    maternity \leave Mutterschaftsurlaub m;
    sick \leave Genesungsurlaub m;
    annual \leave Jahresurlaub m;
    to be/go on \leave in Urlaub sein/gehen;
    to be on \leave for sth für etw akk beurlaubt sein;
    to get \leave to do sth freibekommen, um etw zu tun
    PHRASES:
    to have taken [complete] \leave of one's senses [völlig] übergeschnappt sein ( fam)
    have you taken \leave of your senses? that's a very dangerous animal! bist du noch bei Trost? das ist ein sehr gefährliches Tier! ( fam)
    to do sth by one's own \leave (dated) etw tun, ohne überhaupt zu fragen vt <left, left>
    to \leave sth place etw verlassen;
    the train \leaves the station in five minutes der Zug fährt in fünf Minuten vom Bahnhof ab;
    he left them and came over to speak with us er ließ sie stehen und kam herüber, um mit uns zu sprechen
    to \leave home von zu Hause weggehen [o fortgehen];
    to \leave one's husband/ wife seinen Ehemann/seine Ehefrau verlassen;
    to \leave a job eine Stelle aufgeben;
    to \leave school/ university die Schule/Universität beenden;
    to \leave work aufhören zu arbeiten
    to \leave sth etw zurücklassen;
    I'll \leave my winter coat - I won't need it ich lasse meinen Wintermantel da - ich werde ihn nicht brauchen;
    to \leave a message/note [for sb] [jdm] eine Nachricht/ein paar Zeilen hinterlassen;
    to \leave sb/ sth with sb jdn/etw bei jdm lassen
    to \leave sth etw vergessen
    to \leave footprints/ stains Fußabdrücke/Flecken hinterlassen;
    the incident left a feeling of resentment der Vorfall hinterließ einen unangenehmen Nachgeschmack
    to \leave sth etw übrig bleiben lassen;
    five from twelve \leaves seven zwölf weniger fünf macht sieben;
    to \leave sb sth [or to \leave sth for sb] jdm etw übriglassen;
    if you take two, then that \leaves me three wenn du zwei nimmst, bleiben drei für mich übrig;
    we were left with five pieces that we couldn't fit into the jigsaw uns blieben am Ende fünf Teile übrig, die wir nicht in das Puzzle einfügen konnten
    to \leave sb/ an animal alone jdn/ein Tier alleine lassen;
    to \leave sb better/ worse off jdn in einer besseren/schlechteren Situation zurücklassen;
    to be left homeless obdachlos sein;
    to \leave sth on/ open etw eingeschaltet/offen lassen;
    to \leave sb/ sth doing sth;
    I left the children watching television ich ließ die Kinder vor dem Fernseher zurück;
    he left the engine running er ließ den Motor laufen
    to \leave sth etw lassen;
    \leave that, I'll take care of it later lass das, ich kümmere mich später darum
    9) ( not eat)
    to \leave sth etw übrig lassen
    to \leave sth etw hinterlassen;
    to \leave sb sth in one's will jdm etw testamentarisch vermachen
    to \leave sb jdn hinterlassen;
    he \leaves a wife and two young children er hinterlässt eine Frau und zwei kleine Kinder
    to \leave sth etw lassen;
    I'll \leave the rest of the work for tomorrow ich hebe mir den Rest der Arbeit für morgen auf;
    don't \leave it too late! schieb es nicht zu lange auf!;
    you've left it too late to apply again du hast damit zu lange gewartet, um dich nochmal bewerben zu können;
    do you always \leave doing things till the very last possible minute? schiebst du immer alles bis zur allerletzten Minute auf?
    to \leave a question/ subject eine Frage/ein Thema lassen;
    let's \leave it at that lassen wir es dabei bewenden
    to \leave sth to sb decision jdm etw überlassen;
    I left making the important decisions to Martha ich überließ es Martha, die wichtigen Entscheidungen zu treffen;
    to \leave sb to do sth;
    I left her to make the decision ich ließ sie die Entscheidung treffen;
    to \leave it to sb [to do sth] es jdm überlassen[, etw zu tun]
    PHRASES:
    to \leave sth up in the air etw offenlassen;
    to \leave sb holding the baby [or (Am) bag] ( fam) jdn die Suppe auslöffeln lassen ( fam)
    to \leave nothing/sth to chance nichts/etw dem Zufall überlassen;
    to \leave sb out in the cold jdn ignorieren;
    everyone else had been invited, only he had been left out in the cold alle anderen waren eingeladen worden, nur ihn hatte man übergangen;
    the new taxation system \leaves single mothers out in the cold das neue Steuersystem lässt alleinerziehende Mütter im Regen stehen;
    to \leave sb to their own devices jdn sich dat selbst überlassen;
    to \leave the door open to sth etw begünstigen;
    this will \leave the door open to domestic companies to compete for international business dies wird es inländischen Firmen erleichtern, um das internationale Geschäft zu konkurrieren;
    to \leave go [or hold] of sb/ sth jdn/etw loslassen;
    to \leave a lot to be desired viel zu wünschen übrig lassen;
    to \leave sb in the lurch jdn im Stich [o ( fam) hängen] lassen;
    to \leave sb on the sidelines;
    to \leave sb standing jdn ausstechen;
    to \leave no stone unturned nichts unversucht lassen;
    to \leave a bad [or sour] [or unpleasant] taste [in one's mouth] einen unangenehmen Nachgeschmack hinterlassen ( fig)
    to \leave sb alone jdn in Ruhe lassen;
    \leave well [enough] alone! lass die Finger davon!;
    to \leave sb cold jdn kaltlassen;
    to \leave oneself wide open sich dat eine Blöße geben;
    to \leave sb be jdn in Ruhe lassen;
    just \leave it be lass es gut sein;
    \leave it to sb to do sth du kannst darauf zählen, dass jd etw tut;
    \leave it to John to forget the keys! natürlich hat John wieder die Schlüssel vergessen! vi <left, left> [weg]gehen; vehicle abfahren; plane abfliegen;
    our train is leaving in five minutes unser Zug fährt in fünf Minuten ab;
    we are leaving for Paris wir fahren nach Paris

    English-German students dictionary > leave

  • 6 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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